POLISITEMIA
Definisi
Kelebihan
dari volume semua jenis sel darah lebih dari normal sehingga tejadi peningkatan
viskositas dan volume darah. Yang biasanya meningkat adalah sel darah merah.
Terdiri atas: polisitemia relative
dan polisitemia absolute.
POLISITEMIA RELATIF
Definisi : polisitemia yang timbul
jika volume plasma berkurang tetapi volume sel darah merah dalam sirkulasi
normal. Sehingga hematokrit bisa meningkat, pada pria sampai 53% dan wanita
46%.
Penyebab
uitama adalah dehidrasi, yang dapat ditimbulkan pada kondisi:
1. peningkatan kehilangan cairan ;
seperti pada pemberian diuretik, muntah berlebihan, luka bakar.
2. penurunan asupan cairan
POLISITEMIA ABSOLUT
Definisi: polisitemia yang
menyatakan keadaan dimana massa sel darah merah benar-benar meningkat. Dapat
terjadi baik secara primer (polisitemia vera) maupun sekunder sebagai akibat
dari masalah medis yang sudah ada sebelumnya.
Pada
penyakit kardiopulmonar dimana terjadi penurunan saturasi oksigen arteri
sehingga merangsang pembentukan etritropoesis. Pada tumor ginjal dapat
merangsang pembentukan eritropoetin.
Pada
polisitemia vera terjadi abnormalitas pada sel-sel induk yang pluripotemsial.
Ditandai dengan leukositosis, eritropoesis, dan trombosis yang nyata. Volume plasma biasanya normal dan
dapat terjadi vasodilatasi untuk menampung jumlah sel yang meningkat.
GEJALA
1.
mata merah membara
2.
rasa penuh di kepala
3.
nyeri kepala
4.
pusing
5.
sukar konsentrasi
6.
pandangan kabur dan prusitus setelah mandi
7.
trombosis dan perdarahan, o.k peningkatan volume, tomobistosis dan
fungsi trombosit yang abnormal.
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
1.
Hb >> (>18%)
2.
Hct >>
3.
volume darah >>
LEUKOSITOSIS
Definisi: peningkatan
leukosit >10.000/ mm3.
Leukosit
meningkat sebagai respon fisiologis untuk meklindungi tubuh dari serangan
mikroorganisme. Terhadap infeksi/radang akut. Netrofil meninggalkan daerah
marginal lalu masuk ke daerah infeksi, sumsum tulang meningkatkan granulopoesis
LEUKIMIA
Definisi : suatu
kondisi proliferasi leukosit yang tidak tekontrol.
Kondisi
ini mnyebabkan sisitem imun tidak dapat mempertahankan tubuh dari invasi
benda-benda asing. Pada leukimia jumlah angka leukosit dapat mencapai 500.000 /
mm3, dibandingkan dengan angka normal maximal 11.000/mm3, tetapi karena
sebagian besar adalah sel leukosit yang tidak matur maka leukosit tidak dapat
melakukan tugas pertahanan tubuh dengan baik.
Konsekuensi dari kondisi leukimia adalah
terdesaknya jumlah jenis sel darah yang lain di sumsum tulang, sehingga dapat
terjadi anemia oleh karena eritropoesis berkurang dan dapat terjadi perdarahan
oleh karena jumlah trombosit pun kurang (trombositopenia).
Infeksi dan perdarahan
hebat merupakan penyebab kematian yang tersering pada pasien leukimia.
Polycythemia
DefinitionExcess of the volume of all types of blood cells more than normal so it happened with an increase in viscosity and blood volume. Which usually increases the red blood cells.Consisting of: polycythemia relative and absolute polycythemia.Relative polycythemiaDefinition: polycythemia which occurs if the plasma volume is reduced but the volume of red blood cells in the normal circulation. So that the hematocrit can be increased, to 53% in men and women 46%.Cause uitama is dehydration, which can be inflicted on the condition:A. increased loss of fluids, such as the provision of diuretics, excessive vomiting, burns.2. decrease in fluid intake
ABSOLUTE polycythemiaDefinition: polycythemia which states the circumstances in which the mass of red blood cells actually increased. Can occur both in primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary as a result of a medical problem that already exists.At kardiopulmonar disease where arterial oxygen saturation decreased, thus stimulating the formation of etritropoesis. In the renal tumor may stimulate the formation of erythropoietin.In the abnormality in polycythemia vera stem cells that pluripotemsial. Characterized by leukocytosis, eritropoesis, and thrombosis is real. Plasma volume is usually normal and can happen vasodilatation to accommodate the increased number of cells.SYMPTOMSA. glowing red eyes2. full feeling in head3. headache4. dizziness5. concentration difficult6. blurred vision and prusitus after bath7. thrombosis and bleeding, ok increase in volume, tomobistosis and abnormal platelet function.LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONA. Hb >> (> 18%)2. Hct >>3. blood volume >>
LeukocytosisDefinition: an increase in leukocytes> 10,000 / mm3.Leukocytes increased as the body's physiological response to meklindungi of invading microorganisms. Of infection / acute inflammation. Neutrophils leave the marginal areas and into areas of infection, bone marrow increases granulopoesis
LeukaemiaDefinition: a condition that is not tekontrol leukocyte proliferation.This condition can not be immune sisitem mnyebabkan defend the body from invasion by foreign objects. On the total number of leukocytes leukemia could reach 500,000 / mm 3, compared with normal maximal 11.000/mm3, but because the majority of leukocytes are cells that do not mature then the leukocytes can not do a good job with the body's defenses.The consequences of childhood leukemia is a condition terdesaknya number of other types of blood cells in bone marrow, which can occur because of eritropoesis reduced anemia and bleeding can occur because the platelet count was less (thrombocytopenia).Infection and bleeding are the commonest cause of death in patients with leukemia.
DefinitionExcess of the volume of all types of blood cells more than normal so it happened with an increase in viscosity and blood volume. Which usually increases the red blood cells.Consisting of: polycythemia relative and absolute polycythemia.Relative polycythemiaDefinition: polycythemia which occurs if the plasma volume is reduced but the volume of red blood cells in the normal circulation. So that the hematocrit can be increased, to 53% in men and women 46%.Cause uitama is dehydration, which can be inflicted on the condition:A. increased loss of fluids, such as the provision of diuretics, excessive vomiting, burns.2. decrease in fluid intake
ABSOLUTE polycythemiaDefinition: polycythemia which states the circumstances in which the mass of red blood cells actually increased. Can occur both in primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary as a result of a medical problem that already exists.At kardiopulmonar disease where arterial oxygen saturation decreased, thus stimulating the formation of etritropoesis. In the renal tumor may stimulate the formation of erythropoietin.In the abnormality in polycythemia vera stem cells that pluripotemsial. Characterized by leukocytosis, eritropoesis, and thrombosis is real. Plasma volume is usually normal and can happen vasodilatation to accommodate the increased number of cells.SYMPTOMSA. glowing red eyes2. full feeling in head3. headache4. dizziness5. concentration difficult6. blurred vision and prusitus after bath7. thrombosis and bleeding, ok increase in volume, tomobistosis and abnormal platelet function.LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONA. Hb >> (> 18%)2. Hct >>3. blood volume >>
LeukocytosisDefinition: an increase in leukocytes> 10,000 / mm3.Leukocytes increased as the body's physiological response to meklindungi of invading microorganisms. Of infection / acute inflammation. Neutrophils leave the marginal areas and into areas of infection, bone marrow increases granulopoesis
LeukaemiaDefinition: a condition that is not tekontrol leukocyte proliferation.This condition can not be immune sisitem mnyebabkan defend the body from invasion by foreign objects. On the total number of leukocytes leukemia could reach 500,000 / mm 3, compared with normal maximal 11.000/mm3, but because the majority of leukocytes are cells that do not mature then the leukocytes can not do a good job with the body's defenses.The consequences of childhood leukemia is a condition terdesaknya number of other types of blood cells in bone marrow, which can occur because of eritropoesis reduced anemia and bleeding can occur because the platelet count was less (thrombocytopenia).Infection and bleeding are the commonest cause of death in patients with leukemia.
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