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definitions, symptoms, how to prevent, how to treat anemia


Anemia, one of the more common blood disorders, occurs when the level of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) in the body becomes too low. This can lead to health problems because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body's tissues. Anemia can cause a variety of complications, including fatigue and stress on bodily organs.
Anemia can be caused by many things, but the three main bodily mechanisms that produce it are:
  1. excessive destruction of RBCs
  2. blood loss
  3. inadequate production of RBCs
Among many other causes, anemia can result from inherited disorders, nutritional problems (such as an iron or vitamin deficiency), infections, some kinds of cancer, or exposure to a drug or toxin.

Anemia Caused by Destruction of RBCs

Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells are being destroyed prematurely. (The normal lifespan of RBCs is 120 days; in hemolytic anemia, it's much shorter.) And the bone marrow (the soft, spongy tissue inside bones that makes new blood cells) simply can't keep up with the body's demand for new cells. This can happen for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, infections or certain medications — such as antibiotics or antiseizure medicines — are to blame.
In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the immune system mistakes RBCs for foreign invaders and begins destroying them. Other kids inherit defects in the red blood cells that lead to anemia; common forms of inherited hemolytic anemia include sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and hereditary spherocytosis.
  • Sickle cell anemia is a severe form of anemia found most commonly in people of African heritage, although it can affect those of Caucasian, Saudi Arabian, Indian, and Mediterranean descent. In this condition, the hemoglobin forms long rods when it gives up its oxygen, stretching red blood cells into abnormal sickle shapes. This leads to premature destruction of RBCs, chronically low levels of hemoglobin, and recurring episodes of pain, as well as problems that can affect virtually every other organ system in the body. About 1 out of every 625 African-American children is born with this form of anemia.
  • Thalassemia, which usually affects people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian descent, is marked by abnormal and short-lived RBCs. Thalassemia major, also called Cooley's anemia, is a severe form of anemia in which RBCs are rapidly destroyed and iron is deposited in the skin and vital organs. Thalassemia minor involves only mild anemia and minimal red blood cell changes.
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiencymost commonly affects males of African heritage, although it has been found in many other groups of people. With this condition the RBCs either do not make enough of the enzyme G6PD or the enzyme that is produced is abnormal and doesn't work well. When someone born with this deficiency has an infection, takes certain medicines, or is exposed to specific substances, the body's RBCs suffer extra stress. Without adequate G6PD to protect them, many red blood cells are destroyed prematurely.
  • Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic disorder of the RBC's membrane that can cause anemia, jaundice (yellow-tinged skin), and enlargement of the spleen. The RBCs have a smaller surface area than normal red blood cells, which can cause them to break open easily. A family history increases the risk for this disorder, which is most common in people of northern European descent but can affect all races.

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Valentino Rossi biography, all about valentino rossi


I will put the number 58 on my helmet for Sic”

Ducati’s star rider chatted with his fans on the Dainese website about everything, from his desire to win another world title to his intention of keeping Simoncelli’s memory alive, what he will do when he gives up racing, his favourite helmet, his religious beliefs and children

32-year-old Valentino Rossi had one podium finish with the Ducati. LaPresse
32-year-old Valentino Rossi had one podium finish with the Ducati. LaPresse
Valentino Rossi gave his fans a very special Christmas present by joining them in a live stream session on the Dainese.com website and answering their questions. It was a friendly, amusing session, which included everything from his racing, his future, his personal life and his religious beliefs. His first wish for 2012 was naturally to have a more competitive Ducati: “It has been a very tough year. We didn’t have much fun either. I hope to be competitive again in MotoGP next year and that the new Desmosedici performs well – he stated – We have been working very hard. There are a lot of ideas we want to try out and we are all very curious to see what actually happens starting with the first test in Sepang at the end of January. We will have a different bike there and we will find out whether we are competitive or not”.
GETTING FIT — Valentino spoke about his fitness programme: “I will be on holiday until January, but I will go to the gym and do a bit of weight training and aerobic activity. Then I shall start running and doing a lot of sport, above all with motorbikes and go-karts and things. It will be a fun way of getting fit”.
SAFETY — The issue of safety was one of the most common questions: “The level of safety has increased massively, both on and off the track. There have been big improvements from crash helmets to other types of protective gear, even airbags, but the main point is that people who ride motorbikes must always be very careful because it is dangerous. The dangers are everywhere and tend to be caused by others”.
LIFE AFTER RACING — Vale does not want to hang up his helmet quite yet: “There’s a while to go before I become a calm 40-year-old. I would like to race cars a bit. I still like to wear a racing suit. I have always loved rally driving ever since I was a child, as my dad Graziano used to take me to watch it all the time, and so I might have a few races there”.
32-year-old Valentino Rossi surrounded by his fans. Reuters
32-year-old Valentino Rossi surrounded by his fans. Reuters
HIS LIMITS — “I think that I have often gone beyond my limits. Sometimes during races it worked out well and on other occasions it didn’t and I fell. You have to be very careful”.
HIS DREAM — Then he spoke about a special wish: “My dream in MotoGP is to win a 10th world title”.
HIS HELMETS — “Of all the helmets I’ve used during my career, the one I like most is the latest one, the one I’m still wearing, or also the one with the face from Mugello in 2008. I will continue using the helmet dedicated to Sic for the winter tests. After that I’ll go back to wearing my usual helmet again and I’ll put something on it to remember him, perhaps a ’58′ somewhere. The idea of the sun and moon came from Aldo Drudi: I started with the sun and then decided to divide it into two parts and then I put the moon too”.
CRT — “We would like to continue racing in MotoGP with today’s bikes, the hitech bikes, but we will have to start racing with less expensive, lower-performance bikes, bikes that are maybe a bit more fun to ride and that could lead to more exciting battles. The hope is that in MotoGP we can start seeing more races like those from a few years ago. I think that the CRT could be the future of motor-bike racing: they are fast and they will get better. At the moment they are not very competitive, but they could be a good idea for the future”.

HIGHS AND LOWS — The worst moment was probably when I broke my leg at Mugello last year. It was definitely the most painful. The best moment was my first win with the Yamaha at Welkom in South Africa (in 2004), but the battle with Stoner at Laguna Seca (in 2008, with his famous overtaking at the Corkscrew) and the battle with Lorenzo in Barcelona (in 2009) were also great moments”.
TT — With regard to the chance of him imitating Agostini, Dunlop and other greats for the past and winning a TT race on the Isle of Man, Vale was rather sceptical: “No, I don’t think I’ll be trying that out. I find it really exciting, but it is too dangerous for me”.
SUPERBIKE — “I don’t think that I’ll have my own team in Superbike. I don’t really like the idea and I could only perhaps change my mind if my brother, who it seems would like to race, joined me. However it would be fun to race for a couple of seasons in Superbike, but let’s see how competitive I can still be in MotoGP. We’ll see in a few years”.

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fakta tentang losail Qatar sirkuit, moto GP


Beberapa fakta tentang Sirkuit Losail
99 – Spanyol telah meraup 99 kemenangan di balapan Grand Prix kelas menengah, 85 kemenangan sewaktu masih bernama Moto2, dan 14 kemenangan di Moto2
38 – Rival besar Jorge Lorenzo dan Dani Pedrosa telah memenangkan 38 kemenangan Grand Prix di semua kelas.
25 - Julián Simón merayakan ulang tahunnya ke-25 pada hari Selasa sebelum Grand Prix Qatar pekan ini
19 – Pembalap Czech di kelas Moto3, Jakub Kornfeil akan merayakan ulang tahunnya ke-19 di Grand Prix Qatar
13 – Ducati telah melewatkan 13 race tanpa podium sejak Valentino Rossi berada di podium ke-3 Grand Prix Le Mans tahun lalu. Ini adalah deretan race terpanjang Ducati tanpa podium sejak mereka masuk MotoGP pada awal 2003.
11 - Pada hari Minggu di race Qatar bertepatan dengan dimulainya race pembuka di Suzuka tahun 2001 silam ketika Valentino Rossi memenangkan race di kelas 500 cc dan memberikan Honda kemenangan Grand Prix mereka yang ke-500 di semua kelas.
9 – Ini adalah untuk kesembilan kalinya Losail menyelenggarakan race MotoGP dan yang kelima kalinya race dilakukan dibawah siraman lampu sorot Qatar. Yamaha dan Ducati masing-masing telah berhasil menang 3 kali di Sirkuit Losail. Kemenangan Casey Stoner di Qatar tahun lalu merupakan kemenangan kedua Honda MotoGP di Qatar.
8 – Delapan pembalap yang masuk daftar full time MotoGP era 990 cc:  Casey Stoner, Colin Edwards, Randy de Puniet, Iván Silva, Dani Pedrosa, Valentino Rossi, Nicky Hayden dan James Ellison.
8 – Pembalap Honda berhasil merebut pole position selama 8 musim berturut-turut. Ini adalah urutan terpanjang pole position berturut-turut  oleh sebuah pabrikan di era MotoGP empat-tak.
7 – Tujuh pembalap di barisan MotoGP sebelumnya telah memenangkan race di Sirkuit Losail : Hector Barbera - 250cc pada tahun 2009,Álvaro Bautista - 125cc pada tahun 2006, Stefan Bradl- Moto2 tahun 2011, Jorge Lorenzo 250cc dua kali dan125cc, Mattia Pasini - 250cc pada tahun 2008, Valentino Rossi - MotoGP tiga kali dan Casey Stoner -MotoGP empat kali dan 250cc.
5- Race akhir pekan hari Minggu di Qatar bertepatan dengan waktu Casey Stoner start dari pole di Qatar tahun 2006. Mengendarai Honda Satelit di balapan kedua race MotoGP nya.

Podium Qatar tahun 2009
5- Hanya ada lima pembalap MotoGP berbeda yang finish podium di Qatar selama lima tahun terakhir ; Casey Stoner dan Jorge Lorenzo masing-masing 4 kali, Dani Pedrosa dan Valentino Rossi masing-masing 3x dan satu podium untuk Andrea Dovizioso.
4 – Pembalap Honda telah meraih 4 kemenangan berturut-turut. Jika mereka menang lagi di Qatar, maka ini akan menjadi deretan terpanjang kemenangan berturut-turut yang diraih oleh Honda MotoGP sejak tahun 2003.
3 – Casey Stoner telah meraih pole position di Qatar selama tiga tahun terakhir.

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